Table of Contents - Volume 7 Number 1

The mechanism of origination, interaction, and growth of pits is discussed. The processes of dehydration of solution inside a pit, formation and performance of a resistive layer, and stabilization of pit growth are considered.

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The study show that the error in neglecting s-dependence affects strongly both the values of U_ex and U_tot . This effect is about 30 %( 23%) in U_ex (U_tot) for the force BDM3Y2 -Reid type while it is less than 7% for BDM3Y1-Ried. It decreases as α– α separation distance increases. For BDM3Y3 type force the corresponding error is too large at separation distance R=0.

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Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of the dyeing process of acrylic fibers (Orlon) with basic dyes in the presence of small amounts of the solvents benzyl alcohol, butanol and 1-4 Dioxane are described in the present work. The dyeing affinity was measured using Gilbert and Rideal?s equation. Results show a close affinity on dye structure. The effect of increasing the dyeing temperatures from 80 to 95 ^oC as well as increasing the dyeing time over a range from 10 minutes to180 minutes was studied. Changes of enthalpy and entropy related to the process of absorption are calculated. The best thermodynamic conditions for dye uptake by acrylic fibers appear at the highest temperatures, when the standard free energy of absorption takes the most positive values. The mechanism of dye interaction with the fiber has been briefly considered. From the results, we find that the absorption of dye by acrylic fibers in the temperature interval investigated takes place with establishment of chemical bonds, although physical contributions of electrostatic nature between both the dye and the available sites in the fiber.

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Investigation and characterization of insect secretion on Albazia tree (hereinafter used the term ISA) showed that the material contained of complex molecules with the main constituent is aleuretic acid and the insect is lac. So ISA is secretion of lac insect on Albazia tree. This paper will report the biobased ISA as a feasible matrix for composite. Some requirements of the ISA matrix to protect the fibers, keeping the fibers in place and can distribute the load to the fibers, the first step was the matrix phase changed from solid to liquid with an ethanol as a solvent so the matrix distributed to cover the fibers perfectly. Secondly, the matrix phase then change into solid by evaporation process to remove ethanol solvent without any scattered to the fibers. This matrix is now called as matrix lac (or matlac). Characterization of chemical structure of the matlac investigated before and after mixed with ethanol using FTIR method. Evaporation process of ethanol was also examined and conducted by heating the sample respectively 40, 50, 70, 90, 110, 150 and 180 ^oC for 2-210 minutes to determine the weight loss and changes liquid to solid phase. TGA also used to determine performance of the matrix at high temperatures. Evaluation of fiber-matrix bonding strength was done by wettability testing. The results showed that the ISA can be used as a matrix composite by blending ethanol as a main solvent followed by melting and heating process at temperatures above 100oC. Chemical structure of the ISA before and after the mixing of ethanol did not change that ethanol has a function as a “transporter“ to bring ISA reaches the matrix requiretments. Bonding strength between the fiber and the matlac showed contact angle of about 30o and indicated good wettability. Average of the tensile strength of the matlac was 7 MPa which has opportunity and feasibility to be developed further as matrix composite. Method proposes succesed making composite from matlac matrix.

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The main target of the present research is to study the possibility of utilizing used (recycled) polypropylene (PP) packages in the reinforcement of concrete as an alternate for the virgin mono-filament and mesh PP currently in use in Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (FRC). The over-arching benefits of loading concrete with used PP may be summarized as: reducing the cost of FRC as a step towards wider range of applications, as well as utilizing a solid waste as a step towards a cleaner environment. In the present work PP fibers of different geometry (mesh, monofilament and recycled) are added to concrete in different concentrations namely: 0.1% by volume, equivalent to 900 gm fiber/m3 concrete and 0.2% by volume equivalent to 1800 gm fiber/m3 concrete. The concrete specimens are subjected to both normal (soaking in water) and severe (soaking in acids at various concentrations) conditions, for periods of time: 7, 14 and 21 days. Compressive strength test was applied for all prepared blocks after soaking for 7, 14 and 21 days and the average values are recorded. The results obtained for the FRC are compared with those of the blank sample. Results showed that incorporating PP to concrete blocks leads to an enhancement in the compressive strength with increasing the incorporated-fiber concentration up till 0.1%, above which the compressive strength decreased significantly. On soaking in H₂SO₄, the highest strength for the three types of PP fibers was recorded after 14 days, after which the strength deteriorated rapidly until it reached the lowest value after 21 days. X-Ray analysis was applied in an attempt to interpret the obtained results.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphology of solidification microstructures 80% Cu-20%Sn on different solidification rate. The commercial pure copper and tin were melted in crucible furnace at temperature 1000^oC. The molten metal was casted in permanent moulds which have variation temperature, i.e. 35^oC, 200^oC, 400^oC. The cooling curves of the castings were recorded using a computer aided data acquisition system. The microstructure and mechanical properties of this alloy have been investigated. The results of this research indicate that decreasing the mould temperatures affected on increasing solidification rate that caused to reduce the solidification time. The difference of solidification rate have effected on microstructure morphology. The secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) decreases with increasing solidification rate, the hardness and strength increase correspondingly. The distribution of hardness cast product increased from the center to outside the cast specimens.

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Generally, the quality and properties of a weld joint is strongly influenced by welding variables during process. In order to achieve an ideal weld, it is important attention to bead geometry and microstructure evolution of weld metal. The effect of process variables on penetration and microstructure of C-80 steel joints produced by robotic CO₂ arc welding was studied in present work. Different samples were produced by employing arc voltages of 23, 25 and 27 V, welding currents of 100, 110 and 120 A and welding speeds of 42, 62 and 82 cm/min. After welding process, geometric measurements were performed on welding specimens and the microstructural evolutions were investigated by optical observations of the weld cross sections. Results were clearly illustrated that increasing in welding current or arc voltage increases the depth of weld penetration. The highest penetration in this research was observed in 62 cm/min welding speed. The metallographic examinations also indicated that the microstructure of weld metal in all of specimens was composed mainly of martensite (M) and residual austenite (A) phases that a portion of martensite phase had been tempered.

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The people of Ciamis regency, West Java district, Indonesia have been using biobased material to patch the tin roof, to join rod of machete and rod of hoe. They call it with the term "ant's house". This paper reports the investigation and characterization of the material as an alternative material for biobased composite matrix. Investigations were carried out in the traditional market Ciganjeng, Padaheurang, and Banjarsari subdistrict, Ciamis regency, West Java District, to obtain samples of the biobased material and collect information related to the main sources location. The sample was characterized by FTIR to predict functional group and SEM-EDAX to count mass of its chemical structure. Polarity and visualization of samples were done to prove the chemical structure prediction of the material. The results of the investigation and characterization showed that the sample is lac secretion of of insect that live on Albazia tree, so it is not the "ant's house". The main source location of the material is mountain area of Karangnangka village, Banjarsari subdistrict, Ciamis regency of West Java district. The chemical structure of the biobased materials is aleuretic acid. The next paper will report engineering aspect of matrix composite from this biobased material alternative.

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In this paper, continued fraction expansion for the Bessel funcions ratio J_n (x)/J_n-1 (x) was developed. An efficient and simple computational algorithm based on this expansion was also developed using top-down evaluation procedure.Numerical results of the algorithm are in full agreement at least to fifteen digits accuracy with that of the standared tables.

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This research aims to investigate mechanical properties of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with fly ash (AMC/Fly ash) produced using hot extrusion.AMC/Fly ash was prepared from aluminum fine powder as matrix and fly ash as reinforcement. The various amount of fly ash of 5%; 7.5%; 10%; 12.5% and 15% wt were added to the aluminum fine powder. Each composition was mixed using rotary mixer for 3 hours. The mixture was compacted using uniaxial pressing with a pressure of 100 MPa to produce green body. The green body was hot extruded with an extrusion ratio of 0.25 and temperature of 600ºC. Bending strength, Vickers hardness, wear rate and porosity of the AMC/fly ash were measured. The microstructure was observed using SEM. The results show that mechanical properties of the composites such as bending strength and Vickers hardness increase, porosity and wear rate decrease with increasing fly ash content up to 12.5 wt %. Above 12.5 wt % of fly ash those mechanical properties of composites seems to be inverse. The properties of AMC/12.5 wt % fly ash produced using hot extrusion from green body showing the best properties in term of the bending strength, Vickers hardness, porosity and wear resistance, that are 302 MPa; 79 VHN; 0.73 % and 0,0095 mg/(MPa.m), respectively.

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We consider the parabolic integrodifferential equations of a form given below. We establish local existence and uniqueness and prove the convergence in L₂(E_n) to the solution U_t of the Cauchy problem.

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On the basis of economic considerations, Fe-Al-C alloy could be a good candidate for replacing some of the conventional stainless steel. Wherein, Al is used to replace the expensive alloy element in conventional Fe-Cr-C system. The aim of the research is to investigate harden ability and corrosion resistance of Fe-9Al-0,6C in the NaCl and H₂SO₄ solution. Thirty five kilograms of Fe-Al-C were prepared from mild steel scrap, high purity aluminium, and Fe-C. The alloy was prepared in an induction furnace under an argon atmosphere. Jominy test and microstructure were examined. And, the corrosion rate, were carried out with three-electrode polarization in 0.5% NaCl and 0.05 M H₂SO₄. The corrosion type and the morphology of the oxide scale were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Corrosions products were examined with EDS/EDAX. The optical micrograph shows that as cast Fe-9Al-0,6C alloy has ferrite and pearlite microstructure. The result of Jominy test shows that these alloy non-harden able. The result of corrosion testing showed that the alloy more resistance in NaCl than in H₂SO₄ solution. Optical micrograph and SEM analysis indicated that corrosion form is general corrosion and there is no trend toward intergranular attack.

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The thermal stability increase of a-amylase obtained from locale bacteria isolate Bacillus subtilis ITBCCB148 was achieved by immobilization process using an ionic exchange matrix of DEAE-Cellulose. The result showed that the immobilized enzyme has an optimum temperature of 60°C; KM 14.8 mL substrate and V_max 42.4 U/mL. The thermal stability storage temperature of 60°C, pH 9.0 and 60 minutes demonstrated the immobilized enzyme has residual activity of 28.1%; k_i = 0.0224 min.^-1; and ΔG_i = 103.7 kJ mol^-1. Although the immobilized enzyme’s thermal stability was only increased 1.5 times, at higher temperatures, it was much more stable than the native enzyme.

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The effect of three compounds of ethoxylated fatty amides with different number of ethylene oxide unit on the corrosion of 1018 carbon steel in 1M HCl has been studied using weight loss and galvanostatic polarization measurements. The percentage inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increasing concentration of inhibitor, number of ethylene oxide unit and with decreasing temperature. The inhibitive effect of these compounds was explained on the basis of adsorption on the metal surface, through their ethoxy groups. The adsorption process follows Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The effect of temperature on the rate of corrosion in the absence and presence of these compounds was also, studied. Some activated thermodynamic parameters were calculated.

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Electrochemical measurements (EIS and PDP) have been used to study the temperature effect in the range (30p C - 70p C) on the performance of Ajowan seeds extract (ASE) and its inhibitive effects on the corrosion of steel in 2.0M H2SO4. A good agreement between the data obtained by impedance and polarization measurements was found. Results obtained reveal that ASE reduces the corrosion rate at all temperatures studied. The inhibition efficiency increases with rise temperature and the activation corrosion energy decrease in presence of ASE suggest a chemical adsorption model for the corrosion processes.Thermodynamic parameters, Ea, ΔH#, ΔS# have been calculated and are discussed.

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The in-medium effects in nucleon-nucleon cross-section were treated using different approaches. We study the variation of σ_R with different values of rms. Also we study the variation of sR with different values of incident energy per projectile nucleon for light interacting pair ¹²C-¹²C and heavy target nucleus pair¹²C-²⁰⁸Pb. The coulombs repulsion was taken into consideration by assuming a simple model. We found that the in-medium effects on σ_R are small when the target nucleus becomes heavy.

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Bio-diesel is one of the pollution free, renewable sources of energy, providing an opportunity of employment to a large number of farmers and laboures through plantation of Bio-diesel plants like Jatropha, Karanja, Mahua, Neem, Polong etc. on a bigger scale in vast vacant land including the rail track and roadsides. The manufacturing of bio-diesel through transesterification of non-edible vegetable oils like Karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) proved to be compatible with HSD oil. The properties of Bio-diesel were found to be comparable to HSD oil by the investigation of certain physic chemical properties as per IS:1460/2000 and conforming the Bio-diesel standard as per ASTM D - 6751.

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Electrodeposition technique provides an easy way to produce magnetic thin films. Magnetic thin films are extensively used in various magnetic induction writing heads, magnetic MEMS devices and other magnetic sensing devices. Thus we have synthesized CoMnP thin films from aqueous bath with organic additive saccharin using electrochemical deposition technique and examined its magnetic properties. The electrochemical deposition method is especially interesting due to its low cost, high throughput and high quality of deposit. The CoMnP alloys were electrodeposited galvanostatically for various composition of the bath solution and for various concentration of the additive saccharin. The effects of electrodeposition condition and organic additive saccharin on the magnetic properties of CoMnP thin films were investigated. Structure and the Morphology of the film were studied using X-Ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Elemental compositions of the film were studied using energy dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Magnetic properties of the deposited films were studied using Vibrating sample Magnetometer (VSM). SEM measurement indicated that the surface morphology was affected by the nature of the organic additives to a large extent. CoMnP films formed under optimized conditions are found to be polycrystalline in nature with hcp structure. Moreover, it was obvious that the presence of organic additive saccharin, in the electroplating bath, modified the magnetic properties of the CoMnP thin films according to the VSM measurements.

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The effectiveness of the use of slurry generated in stone cutting industry in the electrochemical treatment and reuse of the dye wastewater collected from various dyeing units of Sanganer area was studied using stainless steel electrodes and current density of 3mA/cm². It was observed to have a high pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD and high concentration of heavy metals. A substantial reduction in TDS, BOD, COD and heavy metals in the treated wastewater as compared to the original dye wastewater sample was observed. The efficacy of the treatment was tested by observing the survival rate of Gambusia affinis in the treated wastewater.

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An experimental investigation has been carried out to understand the effect of split injection concepts on the emission level particularly on the reduction of Nitrogen oxide emission is accompanied with the reduction of Brake thermal efficiency, hence to offset the reduction of thermal efficiency blend of diesel and oxygenated compound Di-ethylene glycol have been used as fuel for the analysis.Thus the emission characteristics of diesel- Di-ethylene glycol are investigated using the single cylinder direct injection naturally aspirated diesel engine using split injection method involving double lobed cams. The double lobed cam was designed to inject fuel in the proportion of 40-60% with an interval of 8Ú between pilot and main injection. The oxygenated compounds Di-ethylene glycol is blended with diesel fuel in the proportion 5% and 7% by volume. The engine was tested using Eddy current dynamometer at a speed of 1500 r.p.m from no load to full load using diesel, 5% and 7% diesel-Diethylene Glycol blend using single injection and split injection. The AVL smoke meter and krypton gas analyzer are used for measuring emission parameters values. The emission curves such as CO, CO2, HC, NOx and smoke with respect to brake power are plotted for both single injection and single injection and compared. From the results, it is found that NOx emission is drastically reduced with split injection using diesel but slightly higher with diesel- Di-ethylene Glycol blend.

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Reliability prediction is fundamental to system design. It involves the quantitative assessment of systems reliability prior to development. For many years the reliability of an electronic system was based, to a great extent, upon the junction temperatures of the semiconductor devices. Substantial efforts were made in the fabrication methods, mounting methods, and cooling techniques of the electronic devices to reduce these hot spot temperatures below 100 °C. This has produced a significant improvement in the reliability and effective operating life of the equipment. However, the electronic failure rates are still too high. Additional reductions in the failure rates must be achieved to further improve the reliability of our electronic equipment. Some of the failure mechanisms that can cause malfunctions in electronic systems are examined in this paper Experience has shown that most of these failures are produced by a mismatch in the thermal coefficients of expansion (TCE) of the different types of materials typically used in electronic assemblies. The mismatch often generates high forces and stresses, which produce fractures and cracks in the electronic components and assemblies. An examination of a large number of avionics failures has shown that most of them are mechanical in nature. They typically involve fractures in solder joints, electrical lead wires, plated through holes (PTH), electrical cables, connectors, adhesive bonded joints, and hermetic seals. These failures are often produced by various combinations of thermal, vibration, shock, humidity, and salt environments, combined with poor manufacturing processes and poor design practices. These failures must be reduced in order to achieve a substantial improvement in the system reliability. The paper aims at presenting the numerical evaluation by finite element analysis of the common class of PCBs under the mechanical stress. This work contributes to the study of vulnerability in packaged electronics by comparing the numerical result with finite element analysis.

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The corrosion behavior of TiN coated NiTi-Shape Memory Alloy, Ti6Al4V and 316L Stainless Steel implant alloys in artificial physiological solutions were investigated by means of electrochemical test. The cathodic arc physical vapor deposition method was used for film deposition. Surface morphology and surface composition were studied using SEM/EDAX and XRD. ICPAES was used to determine ions leached from each specimen when kept immersed in artificial physiological solution for sixteen weeks. The corrosion stability, elemental out-diffusion resistance, microhardness were found to be increased by this treatment.

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Zinc Sulfide nanoparticles were prepared by chemical rout i.e. co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction profiles of ZnS have been conformed as single phase with hexagonal structure. And crystalline in nature. The lattice parameters of prepared material is a= 3.8314A⁰ c=6.2431A⁰ with space group P63mc. The particle size was determined by scherer formula and found to be 28 nm. The band gap energy of ZnS nanoparticles was determined by optical absorption experiment and found to be 3.68 eV at 300^oK. Photoluminescence spectra ware recorded by luminescence spectrophotometer. All the plots contains two peak centered at 315 nm and 425 nm. The excitation wavelength was 250 nm. Appearance of broad peaks centered at 425 nm is attributed to the presence of sulphur vacancies in the lattice.

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The automobile sector which is growing day to day consumes the fossil fuel more than its growth. So there is a demand for exploring new sources of fuels for existing engines. This led to the growth in bio diesels which is an alternate fuel. An alternative fuel must be technically feasible, economically competitive, environmentally acceptable, and readily available. In this project esterified Nerium oil is used as an alternate fuel. A single cylinder stationary kirloskar engine is used to compare the performance and emission characteristics between pure diesel and Nerium blends. In this project selection of suitable nerium blend and selection of optimized injection timing for the blend is done. The Nerium oil blends are in percentage of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of Nerium oil to 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% & 0% of diesel. From this project it is concluded that among all nerium and diesel blends 20% of nerium and 80% of diesel blend at 30º BTDC gives better performance nearing the diesel. When comparing the emission characteristics HC, CO is reduced when compared to diesel, however NOx emission is slightly increased when compared to diesel. Hence Nerium blend can be used in existing diesel engines with minimum modification in the engine. It also describes the usage of non-edible oil to a greater extent.

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The natural fibre concrete may undergo a reduction in strength as a result of weakening of fibres by the combination of alkali attack and environmental loads. Silica fume slurry treatment is one of the best way to improve the durability of natural fibres in concrete. In this paper, fibre reinforced concrete with natural fibres such as coir and sugarcane baggase of as received condition and silica fume treated were cast at three volume fractions, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% and tested to study the chloride resistance. This experimental program consists of determination of mass loss and strength deterioration against hydrochloric acid attack, rapid chloride penetration and . From the studies, 10 to 20% reduction due to hydrochloric acid attack and 15 to 25% reduction due to freezing and thawing were observed in concrete with as received natural fibres. Concrete with treated natural fibres showed a better resistance against all the durability effects.

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The present works reports the hydration processes of Portland cement through Electron paramagnetic resonance study. Cement pastes in a Water to cement ratio (W/C) of 0.4 at different hydration time intervals have been prepared. The g-factor of Fe(III) and Mn(II) impurities at different hydration ages has been related to changes in setting time of cement. Both g_Fe and g_Mn values are reach a maximum values at final setting time of OPC paste.

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Metal-free phthalocyanines(H₂Pc) and its derivatives are an important organic electro and photo active material with remarkable chemical stability and flexibility offering considerable interest for many intensive applications. The complexity of the molecule makes the vibrational study of the Raman spectrum difficult. A vibrational assignment of the frequencies in the F.T Raman spectrum of H₂Pc has been made in comparison with its metal derivatives, other related porphyrin, pyrrole, indole and ortho-subsituted benzene structures.

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Starting from massive particle case, we have obtained expression for the generator of little group for massless particle. It has also been shown that the non-compact generators, which appear in case of massless particles, can be carefully avoided in our case. Effective use of the Poincar algebra has been made to get the required result. Calculation has been done in a straightforward and simple manner.

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Rapid depletion of petroleum reserves and the environmental pollution caused by the growing use of conventional fuels created a challenge before the world that new type of fuels should replace the conventional fuels to achieve the future emission regulations. Hence great deal of research effort has been focused to find alternative fuel. The consideration of oxygenates with diesel fuel is a recent approach receives great attention in reducing the exhaust emissions of an engine The combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel fuel and oxygenated blends with diesel are analyzed in a four stroke naturally aspirated single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine. The additives include 2-Ethoxyethanol (2EE), DiethyleneGlycol Dimethyl ether (DGM) and 2-Methoxyethanol (2ME) and the oxygenated compounds were selected based on the availability, price and oxygen content. These oxygenated compounds are blended with diesel fuel in proportion of 6% by volume. Combustion parameters such as in-cylinder pressure and Heat release rate were studied. The engine emission characteristics of the Compression ignition (CI) engine fuelling with oxygenated blends are studied experimentally. The performance of oxygenates on thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were studied. Comparing the combustion, performance and emission, the addition of 2-methoxy ethanol blend shows better performance than other two oxygenated blends with diesel and diesel fuel.

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The pKa and logK values of some substituted sulfonic acid in 70% (v/v) dioxane-water mixture have been determined using pH metric measurements. The stability constant of complexes of Gd (III), Tb (III) and Ho (III) with p-aminobenzenesulfonic (L₁) and p-sulfophthalic acid (L₂), 2-amino-5-chloro benzenesulfonic acid (L₃) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (L₄) have been determined at 0.1M ionic strength at 28±0.1 ⁰C pH metrically. It is observed that both the metal ions formed 1:1 & 1:2 complexes with all the ligands.

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The vibrational wavenumbers of glycine molecule were calculated using Gaussian03 software package at different levels and the fundamental modes are assigned. The predicted infrared and Raman activities are reported. The first hyperpolarizability is calculated and the glycine molecule is an attractive object for future studies of non linear optics. The calculated wavenumbers and geometrical parameters are in agreement with the reported experimental values.

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Lubricating oil is an important resource and a petroleum base product. The high price of oil and objective of saving valuable foreign exchange has resulted in efforts for regeneration of used lube oil. Mismanagement of waste lube oil is a serious environmental problem. Almost all types of waste oil have the potential to be recycled safely, saving a precious non-renewable source and at the same time minimizing environmental pollution. Unfortunately, most of used oil is handled improperly. Some is emptied in to sewers for going directly into water waste, adversely affecting water treatment plants. Some is dumped directly on to the ground to kill weeds or is poured on to dirty roads or is dumped in deserts, where it can contaminate surface and ground water. Disposal of used lubricating oil into the eco system creates environmental hazards. Tough laws are being enacted throughout the world for the disposal of waste petroleum products and every genuine effort should be made for it?s re-use. In most cases, used oil can be re-used after reconditioning with or without the addition of any additives resulting in huge saving and conservation of precious oil. Thus regeneration, reclamation or recycling of spent lubricating oils has become an important process industry, adopting various techniques for oil purification.

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ITO is the most commonly used semi conducting materials for sensor devices. In the present work. Transparent conducting ITO films have been deposited on to glass substrates by rf magnetron sputtering at 648k Temperature under an oxygen partial pressure of 10x10-3 mbar, The deposition condition necessary to produce ITO films with high conductivity and optical transparency over a wide spectral range were studied and optimized. The more influential factors determining the optical and electrical properties including partial pressure of the reactive gas The sputtering power as well as other growth related effects is analyzed. Transmission was measured with perkin–Elmer–UV/VIS lambda 40 spectrometer and electrical studies using four probe and Hall effect setup. Structural characterization of the films has been done by XRD. Characterization of the coatings revealed specific receptivity's below 6.5 10-3Ω. Films deposited without annealing were amorphous and the crystallinity improved after annealing at 700k. the optical transmittance of the SEM appears to be uniform over large surface areas. The correlations among properties of the film and its influence on heat treatment have been analyzed. The obtained results have been used for a better comprehension of the gas–sensing properties towards. NO2.

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The thermodynamic excess functions of a composition of chloroform and ketones were studied in this work. The ketones used as acetophenone, cyclophexanone and ethyl methyl ketone. Ultrasonic velocity for the liquid mixtures are measured over a wide range of concentrations, using a single crystal ultrasonic interferometer at a frequency of 2 MHz. For binary mixtures of chloroform with acetophenone and cyclohexanone, surface tension increases with increase in concentration of the ketone. But for the binary mixtures of chloroform and ethyl methyl ketone surface tension decreases with increase in concentration of the ketone.

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The Chemiluminescence (CL) that accompanies the oxidation of luminol with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) in alkaline medium was studied. The reaction occurring between luminol and t-BuOOH in alkaline medium leads to the production of nitrogen gas with simultaneous emission of CL. The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) like aspirin and ibuprofen has also been studied. The time dependence of the CL intensity of luminol and t-BuOOH at different temperature and the CL emission spectra of the reactions have been recorded for better understanding of the reaction.

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The electrochemical preparation and characterization of Ni deposition was performed on aluminum surface. The Aluminium electrode was anodically oxidized to obtain a porous alumina template. The properties of various porous Al oxide films were compared in terms of their electrochemical responses during Ni eletrodeposition. The corrosion behaviour of deposits was evaluated by polarization curves in 0.1 M NaCl solution at room temperature. The surface morphology of deposited films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It has been found that the deposition of Ni on Al surface disturbs the Aluminum coating's regular surface structure. The compositional analysis of electrodeposited films was investigated by Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX).

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The vibrational wavenumbers of 2-amino picoline were calculated using Gaussian03 software package at different levels and the fundamental modes are assigned. The predicted infrared and Raman activities are reported. The first hyperpolarizability is calculated and the 2-amino picoline is an attractive object for future studies of non linear optics. The calculated wavenumbers are in agreement with the reported experimental values.

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Automobile is the huge demand in the world this paper introduce to development, production and technologies of automobile in the world. Multilevel technologies are given in details, as petroleum fuels diesel, gasoline, bio-fuels, electric, hydrogen, ox-hydrogen, steam, air, gas, turbine, rocket, and jet car, etc an also mentioned future car technologies.

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The vibrational wavenumbers of guanidinium hydrogenselenate were calculated using Gaussian03 software package at different levels and the fundamental modes are assigned. The predicted infrared and Raman activities are reported. The first hyperpolarizability is calculated and the guanidinium hydrogenselenate is an attractive object for future studies of non linear optics. The calculated wavenumbers and geometrical parameters are in agreement with the reported experimental values.

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ZnIn₂Se₄ thin film were prepared by pulsed electro deposition technique over stainless steel substrates in galvanostatics mode from an aqueous acidic bath containing ZnSO₄, In Cl₃, and SeO₂. The growth kinetics of the film was studied and the deposition parameters such as electrolyte bath concentration, deposition time, current density, and pH of electrolyte bath are optimized. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the deposited film showed presence of polycrystalline nature. The surface morphology studied by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that the deposited film are well adherent and grains are uniformly distributed over the surface of substrate.

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Attempts have been made to disperse fine Cu filings in aluminium matrix by conventional stir cast technique to produce metal-metal composites. SEM-EDX analysis shows a gradual variation in chemistry from dispersoid to the matrix. Production of composites show an ease of dispersion of metallic dispersoid compared to a ceramic one. Corrosion study in terms of loss in weight in acid media has been investigated. Composite show a lesser dissolution rate compared to the alloy having same composition, at different concentrations of the corrosive media. Composite with higher concentration of dispersoid show reduced corrosion resistance.

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The extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopic analysis of correlated electronic-structures of high phase transition temperature (T_c) superconducting iron-oxypnictides (HTSCIO) provides the carrier density, coherent metal, spin density wave (SDW) ordering state by tuning the chemical potential or Fermi level (E_F) with alio/isovalent cationic dopants to yield the occurrence of shape resonance in dimensional 2D-3D (Fe3d-As2p (dp) 3z²r² and x²y² orbitals character bands crossover topology of Fermi surface (F_S) in metal heterostructures at atomic limits (MEHAL) of cationic periodic lattice distortion (PLD) due to quantum wells (Q-dots) in layered structure superlattice.

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The vibrational wavenumbers of 3-pyridine carboxaldehyde were calculated using Gaussian03 software package at different levels and the fundamental modes are assigned. The predicted infrared and Raman activities are reported. The first hyperpolarizability is calculated and the title compound is an attractive object for future studies of non linear optics. The calculated wavenumbers are in agreement with the reported experimental values.

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The generators of the admitted variational Lie symmetry groups are derived and conservation laws for the conserved currents are obtained via Noether's theorem. Moreover, the consistency of a functional integral are derived for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In addition to this analysis functional integral are studied using Lie groups.

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The behaviour of dielectric constant with the variation of temperature of barium nitrate has been studied between the temperature ranges 35 to 110ºC. In the present measurement it have been observed that the compound has lower value of dielectric constant below 36ºC, which rises upto the maximum value of 14,580 at the moderate temperature of 51ºC. After this temperature the dielectric constant of compound decreases upto the very low value of nearly 8, at the temperature of 108ºC. When the variation of dielectric constant was studied in cooling cycle the peak was observed at 71ºC, above and below this temperature dielectric constant decreases with some intermediate fluctuations. The results have been explained on the basis the crystal structure changes and the possibility of free internal rotation of nitrate group within the crystal lattice at the elevated temperature. The presence of broad peak is explained on he basis of relaxor ferroelectrics, which occurs generally due to heterovalent disorder.

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