eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Material Science Research India 0973-3469 2026-03-20 23 1 24055 article Oscar Jaime Restrepo Baena 1 Materials and Minerals Department. School of Mines. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Medellín https://www.materialsciencejournal.org/vol23no1/sustainability-challenges-and-opportunities-in-artisanal-and-small-scale-gold-mining-in-the-global-production-chain/